Aus unseren Neuerwerbungen – Sprachen und Kulturen Asiens, Afrikas und Ozeaniens 2019.11

Ara­bic Dialec­tol­ogy: Method­ol­o­gy and Field Research
Obvi­ous­ly, many books and hand­books are used to pre­pare for lin­guis­tic field­work. How­ev­er, these do not describe the spe­cif­ic intri­ca­cies of field­work with­in Semit­ic dialec­tol­ogy and the regions of its con­cern, espe­cial­ly the Mid­dle East and North Africa. The exist­ing lit­er­a­ture on Semit­ic dialec­tol­ogy, then again, often omits the author’s own expe­ri­ences and dif­fi­cul­ties they faced dur­ing their field­work, which keeps the field­work method­ol­o­gy out of dis­cus­sion.
The vol­ume Ara­bic Dialec­tol­ogy dis­cuss­es field research and method­ol­o­gy in Semit­ic dialec­tol­ogy for the first time con­sid­er­ing them from dif­fer­ent per­spec­tives and angles. It con­sists of three parts, which have been sep­a­rat­ed the­mat­i­cal­ly. The first part “Field Research: Prac­ti­cal Expe­ri­ence“ con­tains arti­cles that focus on field research in Ara­bic-speak­ing coun­tries. The authors not only talk about meth­ods they use but also quote from mem­o­ries, some­times quite vivid­ly of the prob­lems they had to face. The sec­ond part of the vol­ume con­cerns “Tools, Meth­ods and His­tor­i­cal Sources“, while the third part con­tains sam­ples of ques­tion­naires that have already been used in field research.
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Mod­ern Chi­nese parts of speech: clas­si­fi­ca­tion the­o­ry
What is the essence of a part of speech? Why is it dif­fi­cult to clas­si­fy parts of speech? What are the bases and cri­te­ria for clas­si­fy­ing them? How should they be clas­si­fied? In doing so, how should a con­ver­sion­al word be dealt with? How should nomon­al­iza­tion be treat­ed? These are just some of the ques­tions answered in this book.
The clas­si­fi­ca­tion of parts of speech in Chi­nese is a tough job due to the language’s lack of mor­pho­log­i­cal dif­fer­ences. Based on the analy­sis of near­ly 40,000 Chi­nese char­ac­ters, this book pro­pos­es that, essen­tial­ly, a part of speech is not of dis­tri­b­u­tion­al type and that its intrin­sic basis is an expres­sion­al func­tion and the seman­tic type. Essen­tial­ly, large cat­e­gories such as sub­stan­tive words, pred­i­cate words and mod­i­fi­ca­tion words are class­es of words clas­si­fied accord­ing to their expres­sion­al func­tions. Basic cat­e­gories such as nouns, verbs and adjec­tives are class­es that com­bine seman­tic types with syn­tac­ti­cal func­tions. In clas­si­fy­ing parts of speech, the book pays atten­tion not to iden­ti­fy­ing a sin­gle dis­trib­u­tive char­ac­ter­is­tic that is inter­nal­ly uni­ver­sal and exter­nal­ly exclu­sive but to clus­ter­ing the gram­mat­i­cal func­tions that have the same clas­si­fi­ca­tion val­ue through the “reflec­tion-rep­re­sen­ta­tion” rela­tion­ship among dis­tri­b­u­tion, expres­sion­al func­tion and seman­tic type (dis­tri­b­u­tion reflects expres­sion­al func­tion and seman­tic type, which are, in turn, rep­re­sent­ed as dis­tri­b­u­tion), there­by iden­ti­fy­ing the clas­si­fi­ca­tion cri­te­ria. It uses dis­tri­b­u­tion­al com­pat­i­bil­i­ty and the cor­re­la­tion prin­ci­ple to ana­lyze which dis­tri­b­u­tion­al dif­fer­ences rep­re­sent dif­fer­ences in parts of speech and which do not. In this way, gram­mat­i­cal func­tions that have equal clas­si­fi­ca­tion val­ues are col­lect­ed into one equiv­a­lent func­tion clus­ter, each of which rep­re­sents one part of speech. The book uses four strate­gies to clas­si­fy parts of speech, name­ly the homo­gene­ity strat­e­gy, the homo­mor­phi­cal strat­e­gy, the pri­or­i­ty homo­mor­phi­cal strat­e­gy and the con­sol­i­da­tion strat­e­gy. It will be a valu­able ref­er­ence for Chi­nese lin­guis­tic researchers and stu­dents as well as Chi­nese learn­ers.
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